GROUNDED Live - 2026: Graeme Sait - The Micronutrient Association: Plant to Human Pathways

Welcome to a new season of GROUNDED Live. This season features presentations recorded at GROUNDED Festival 2026, held over two memorable days on Yan Yan Gurt West Farm in Victoria, Australia. Each episode captures the ideas, stories and practical knowledge shared by the farmers, researchers, chefs, practitioners and thinkers who came together to explore healthier landscapes, healthier food systems and healthier communities.

In this presentation, Graeme Sait explores the intricate connections between soils, plants and human health. Drawing on decades of research and experience, he explains how micronutrients move through the food system, why they matter for the food we eat, and what farmers can do to grow healthier crops and healthier people. 

GROUNDED Festival is a cross between a farming conference and a food festival, held on a different farm each year. Every festival is unique, celebrating the people, landscapes and food of its host region through an inspiring line-up of speakers, local producers and hands-on learning.

With multiple stages running concurrently, GROUNDED brings together science and technology, ancient wisdom and fresh thinking. It provides a respectful place for lively discussion, an audience as interesting as the speakers, and an excellent menu of local food, drinks and music, all on a beautiful, regeneratively managed farm.

Each year, we record many of the presentations and make them freely available as the GROUNDED Live podcast. We hope you enjoy the conversations.

Thanks for listening, and if you enjoy this episode, we'd love to welcome you to a future GROUNDED Festival.

Transcript

SPEAKER_05 0:05

Good night there. I'm Matthew Evans and I'm the founder and curator of the Grounded Festival. And what follows is the Grounded Podcast. Live on the diet unedited. And I hope you enjoy. Grounded. Unbelievably. So much of that interaction within soil, with plants and soil, with microbes, plants and soil, and with human health. What matters in the way we grow food, in the way we consume food, what foods we consume, and how that actually matters to us as people.

SPEAKER_00 0:54

So Graham State is someone who doesn't need any introduction really, but I will do a little bit of an introduction, which is really just the bio on our website because it's a pretty remarkable biography. Graham State is a globally respected author, educator, and founder of NutriTech Solutions, a pioneering company on organic and regenerative agriculture offering cutting-edge inputs and world-class education. He's the author of two books and hundreds of published articles, and he writes the widely followed Nutrition Matters blog. Are you all signed up to that blog? Excellent. Graham also created the acclaimed Certificate Nutrition Farming, a five-day intensive that's trained over 47,000 farmers and consultants across four continents, and it's probably more than that today. His popular nutrition farming podcast has attracted over 500,000 listeners in 27 countries, and that's a really, really hard thing to do. That's a remarkable achievement. And his recent How to Do It video series delivers hands-on demonstrations of regenerative techniques and action. So without further ado, I'm going to hand over to Graham. Just at the end of this, we'll have about 15 minutes of questions. And what we'll do is we'll have a roving mic. And if you could say your name before the question and where you come from, that would be great. Okay, thanks very much.

SPEAKER_02 2:17

Welcome everyone. It's a great pleasure to be here. First time at Grounded. I do a tremendous amount of travel on a yearly basis and probably speak to I don't actually know, I haven't counted, but at least 10,000 people a year. My journey in this field was an unusual one where I had a young daughter who was horrifically injured and brain damaged, laying in a coma for three months. And at one critical juncture, we were told that all the machines started beeping, and this is classic brain death approaching. So I made a deal, I'm not conventionally religious, but I made a deal that should she survive against the odds, and there weren't great odds to say the least, because I said she'd be a vegetable and never walk and talk if she survived, then I would do something of value with the rest of my life. And 20 minutes later she came out of a coma, and this is my thing of value. So it's very much an evangelistic feel that hasn't changed since I began this journey. It's to as much passion today as there was. And I've sort of formed a company on the day after she came out of the coma, 32 years ago almost exactly. And we're in 52 countries and got this very strong education focus. And you know, it's hard sometimes when you're selling products because people think you're trying to sell products, and that's not what it's about. It's about trying to help farmers. I farm myself, I have two farms, uh, and very much has a huge contribution to my empathy for how difficult it is and how I can help. So, what we're going to talk about is more of a link to, well, both soil and human health there relative to minerals specifically. When we talk about what I call nutrition farming, we talk about minerals, microbes, and humus and the interplay between those three things. And there happens to be a tremendous parallel between soil health and human health, particularly from that minerals and microbes story. But we'll begin talking about basically a change that began teamlessly decades back when a German, so if you take 100 kilos of your crop and you burn it, you've got five kilos of ash, and that ash comprises largely the minerals that were present in that plant. And a German chemist called Justus von Leibig, quite some decades back, burned some plant material, analyzed it with the quite crude technology that was present at that time, and determined that that ash, that those minerals largely consisted of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. And he announced this to the world, and of course there were dormant armaments factories present everywhere at that particular point, and it was clear that we could make those three key components. And so we saw the change in agriculture. We saw a model that had always involved the cyclical animals in the model and so forth. While we take off a little bit of all 74 minerals with every crop, a lot of them are recycled with a model that we'd had for thousands of years. And suddenly we took off 74 things, which is how many minerals there are in the soil, ideally, and we put three things back largely for quite some decades. We literally mined our soil. Now, about 15 years after the widespread adoption of that dumbed-down nutrition, we started to see pest and disease pressure unlike anything we'd seen previously. And rather than ask the question, is there a link to this simplistic nutrition? Science stepped up to the plate and so began the era of chemical intervention in agriculture and the and the invention of multiple chemicals to solve our problems. Now, is there an issue with that? Well, there is. Last year we increased chemical usage globally by 14.7%. The year before, 14.4%, 14.1, 13.9, 13.6%, 13.3%, every year, without exception, more and more chemicals into the equation, but wait for it. Every year, without exception, more global pest and disease pressure. So it's literally a hiding to nothing. And when we ask the question, which we must ask at some point, which is what does the next generation inherit? One particularly poignant study involves 1,400 school kids in the US, where they tested for the presence of the 13 most commonly used farm chemicals. We're talking fungicides, pesticides, herbicides, nematocides, or wormicides that most people use down the throat of the animal. And to the horror of the researchers, couldn't find a single child, country or rural, but country or city-based, who didn't have unacceptable levels of all-feding farm chemicals, understanding that the largest killer of our kids is childhood of leukemia, and that there is no debate about the chemical linked to that disease. So Justice made a huge change and he recognized that he'd made a terrible mistake. He actually developed something called von Liebig's Law of the Minimum, where he finally recognized, see, the deal is quite simply that trace minerals, which were hugely ignored for decades, aren't there in large amounts, and that's why they weren't picked up with that crude technology analyzing the ash. They're involved in tiny amounts in some instances, and their role is no less significant to the major minerals because they're spark plugs that generate a whole suite of really important metabolic processes, including the single most important process on the planet. Now, the most important process on the planet is called photosynthesis. Why is that? Because that's the building of the glucose building block for everything that is carbon chemistry, and that's you. You came from the process of photosynthesis. That's the building block for all carbon chemistry. And photosynthesis is driven almost more, but certainly as much, by those little triggers, those little spark plugs called trace minerals. So what we did was sort of adopt and create this huge focus on three minerals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. And what we're finding, particularly in this regenerative space, and there's a lot of research to support this, is that maybe there's another trio that's at least as important. Now, nitrogen, most abundant mineral, pretty important. Potassium, second most abundant. Yeah, they're important for sure, and there's huge roles that they play, and we've used them and misused and abused them because of their importance. Um, but basically, this new trio that we're going to talk about involves three minerals. And we like to in our programs we look to take care of them first. So the three minerals in the new trio, the foundation trio, are calcium, boron, and silica. And we're going to talk about each of those for a start. Calcium, the first thing you look at when you correct the soil, you look at that calcium, and if you can afford it, you correct that calcium. Why? Because calcium governs the uptake of seven other minerals. There's not much point of fixing the other things until you've fixed up the guy that trucks them into the plant. So seven minerals directly determined, their uptake determined by the presence of sufficient calcium. I often talk about the single most important process. When you're managing a crop, you're managing something called gas exchange. Now, what are we talking about? We're talking about the single most important element for growing a crop. In fact, it's the single most important element for every one of you sitting in this room. You last five minutes without it, and we're talking about oxygen. There is nothing more important for healthy crops than oxygen. So when we talk gas exchange, we're talking about how freely, there's this most important single element for plant growth and health. How freely does it move or diffuse, which means it moves from high to low concentration? The atmosphere is filled with it, and it moves into the soil, and how friable that soil is to allow calcium to move down. The roots use it, the organisms crowd around that root, waiting for their daily feed of sugar, use oxygen for everything, and then they breathe out. This is an exchange concept. So you suck in the oxygen and you exchange oxygen for CO2. Now there's a concentration of that outbreath in the root zone. So CO2 moves, diffuses from the soil on the planet, leaves waiting. Thousands of tiny little porcelain, stomach to suck up the CO2, combine it with water and sunlight, and you've got the most miraculous process on the planet, the process of photosynthesis. And the better you do that, the better you manage gas exchange, oxygen and CO2 out, the better you do. Now, when we talk about what governs that, the most important physical link to that all-important breathing of your soil is called the calcium to magnesium ratio. Now, why is that so important? Because calcium is a great big beach ball of line with two positive charges. It grabs hold of negatively charged clay and it pushes the clay apart. That's called flocculation, so it's huge in terms of opening up that soil physically and allowing the all-important oxygen to enter and the CO2 to leave. Magnesium, because we're talking about something called the calcium to magnesium rusher, it's a golf ball compared to a beach ball with two charges that grabs the clay instead of pushing it apart, pulls it in and tightens your soil. And you might say, well, forget about the magnesium, then I'm just going to do calcium and open up my soil. But you can't forget the magnesium because there's a second key role that you're managing. You are a chlorophyll manager. You're managing the green pigment that houses the little sugar factories called chlorophyll acids, to ensure the better the greater the chlorophyll density, the healthier the plant, and the better you'll do. So we look at chlorophyll and we look at chemistry, and the centerpiece of chlorophyll is magnesium. No, you can't ignore magnesium because that's your second management role. You're managing chlorophyll and magnesium is the centerpiece of chlorophyll. So we look at this ratio, which varies depending on how much clay you've got in the soil, could be as little as three to one calcium to magnesium, or as high as seven to one on a heavy soil. And a good soil test will show you where you need to be. And when we talk about the parallel in the human health, the most important ratio in your body is the calcium to magnesium ratio. There are lots of ratios, that's the single most important. So there's a direct parallel. And if we talk about that ratio, the story is quite simply, and I'm going to dumb it down to just a couple of key points because we're going through a lot of minerals now. Um, the story quite simply is that calcium is outside of the cells and magnesium is 10,000 times more concentrated inside the cells. And we don't want calcium to come into the cells. And the worse your ratio, that's why it's terrible to supplement with calcium if you're deficient in magnesium. And if the doctors understood that nutritional link, they wouldn't be advised in calcium by itself without testing you. But basically, when you've got too much calcium relative to magnesium, calcium enters the cells, and that's called calcification. It's also called arterosclerosis, which is the seventh largest killer. So calcium to magnesium is huge and huge and important in our bodies as well. So let's look at calcium. Uh, soil breathing, we've talked about cell wall strength. If you're going to be proactive and try and reduce the number of chemicals that you're going to use on your farming operation, it's very simple. The starting point is called cell wall strength. The fungal disease has got to drill through quite a substantial cell wall to get to the yolk, the cytoplasm, the food sources in the center of the cell. The sucking insect's got to chomp through that cell wall to get to that same food source. So it's very simple what determines cell wall strength. And herein lies the importance of calcium and the second mineral we're going to talk about shortly, called silica, because they're equally important, calcium and silica, and strengthening that cell wall, buckling that hyphae, uh, wearing the mandibles literally. You saw the latest International Silica Conference, you would have seen images of insects with no mandibles trying to chomp on a silica-strengthened cell. So it's a hugely important proactive strategy is to improve and increase the amount of calcium and silica in the leaf. Now, calcium is a problem because calcium is a sluggish mineral, hugely sluggish. It's the slowest moving of all minerals. Really hard minerals vary in their mobility, and the most immobile of all minerals is calcium, but it doesn't stop there because no minerals in Ireland, every mineral impacts other minerals. And in the case of calcium, high magnesium, which is everywhere in Australia, shuts down calcium. High potassium, if you go over down your NPK, shuts down potassium. High phosphorus, high sodium, shuts down calcium. High phosphorus can shut down calcium. So lots of things. And then there's a biological link because calcium is delivered primarily by the fungal component, the beneficial fungi in your soil. And that's why the second ratio we look at is this thing called the fungi to bacteria ratio, that we need to have 50-50 on some of the more recent tests. We need this half and half fungi bacteria, and most of we've got 90% bacteria and 10% fungi. So what we find in consulting is there's almost no crop that won't benefit from a folly spray of calcium. Every crop needs more calcium. We test, it's very, very rare, and we're in many, many countries working with teams of agronomists in all of those countries, and it's very, very rare to see luxury levels of calcium, the levels that we're chasing. So that's the story on calcium. Boron, well, we talked about calcium, the trucker of all minerals, but we didn't complete that statement, because the completion of that statement is calcium, the trucker of all minerals, and boron, the steering wheel. Turns out calcium doesn't go far and doesn't do much in the absence of boron. It's the most powerful mineral synergy in the soil, this relationship between boron and calcium. So you can get all the liming in the world, yes. Yes, we certainly had a far higher, a far better fungi bacterial ratio with the previous model. And fungi is part of that link. And we were recycling, and we had cattle in the system so that we were recycling rather than just removing constantly uh and putting just three things back, which is what we did for a lot of decades. So boron, you know, you can do all the lime in you like. If you've got no boron, I was in New Zealand uh talking in the Canterbury Plains, and a guy came and said, Look, I have got dairy farms, a lot of them. Uh I recognize I'm taking off calcium with the milk every, every every milking. Uh, and so I decided to invest. And I spent $99,000 on lime and I saw bloody nothing, mate, as if I told him to do it. And of course I hadn't met him before. Uh and I said, You got some soil tests? He said, Yeah, and he brought in this boulder, nicely organized, laminated and everything. Uh and it was very, very clear very, very quickly. You can't measure less than 0.1 of a part per million of boron on a soil test. And all of them said less than 0.1 of a part per million. I said, You haven't done your dollars, as they say. You can put some boron through your center pivot, always combine it with humic acid to stabilize it and create what's called a boron hemate. Uh, and then let me know what happens. Eight weeks later I go to call, oh my god, now I understand. She kicked this calcium in, which you can only do with boron. So the calcium, the that story between calcium and boron is huge. What else does boron do? Well, really, really important before flowering. If there's nothing else you take from this, take home the message that you need to polish boron before flowering, because we do leaf tests everywhere and everyone needs more boron. It's almost, there's a very rare occasion where boron leaches and it accumulates in the subsoil with hard pans. Incredibly rare. You can almost guess without testing that you're going to benefit from some boron before flowering. Do nothing else, just do some boron with humic acid to create this amplified effect. And humic acid's got its own roles and own benefits, but hugely important at that point. You take a crop like avocados, huge number of flowers, small number of fruit, small fruit to flower ratio of any fruit almost. Uh, and then you see what boron does. It lengthens the male pollen tube. You come in before flowering, they fertigate and poly spray boron, lengthens the male pollen chute, and doubles the fruit to flower ratio. Now, that's an investment of $10 for a hell of a return on investment. When you understand that story, that's a graphic example of the importance of boron before flowering. But it's also another hugely important role because the plant accumulates glucose through photosynthesis, and a little trapdoor opens to allow the movement of that glucose, but all of in combination with minerals for everything the plant does, including half of it pumped to the soil, and 60% of that half, which is 30% of your total sugar production, you just get, you give it away. Why would you do that? It's your most important substance. You pump it out to feed the organisms beneath your roots. Why is that? Because there, as a nexus of the single most important process on the planet, is arguably the most important principle. And that principle is give and you shall receive. And we see it everywhere in nature, and we see it in your life. Now, I lecture on longevity, and we know that there are three core strategies that will determine whether you make the extra 10 or 15 years, and they include very specific exercise like resistance training and interval training and so forth, very specific supplementation, and very specific dietary interventions. And so we know that's the three things. Now there's a fourth from an Australian public study peer-reviewed. Guess what the fourth is called? Volunteering. Volunteering will have as much impact as those other three things on your longevity. One, because give, and you sure you say you haven't improve, what am I feeling when you volunteer your services? And you're feeling a peace of harmony, a sense of peace and harmony you've not experienced before because you can't get what you don't give. That's the law of give and receive. And there, the most important process is the perfect example. Give away 30% of your sugar, and the organisms say, yes, thank you. They fix nitrogen, they solublise phosphorus. There's a microbe behind every mineral. They produce a whole suite of substances that stimulate and support their host, the plant. And exactly the same thing happens with us, the host of these hundred trillion organisms that populate our 30-foot digestive tract. So there's also, when we talk about boron and calcium, the substance called calcium pectate, which is the essence of that armor-like layer that gives you protection. And again, it's not just calcium and silica, calcium and boron make up calcium pectate. So there's a real link between those three. When we talk about your health, we see that it's also linked to calcium in your body. And osteoporosis has been quite thoroughly linked to boron deficiency, as can arthritis be linked. And of course, there's the first doctor who did the research and prescribed three milligrams a day of boron, just you couldn't prescribe it. So he was telling people how to mix it up and dilute borax to give you that equivalent and had some tremendous results, and then wanted to make it available in its capsule, and was told he couldn't do it. And so he funded the research in Melbourne at the university here for two years and showed us absolutely, and they were still prevented from providing this. And one of my podcasts give this, I had so many people say, Oh my goodness, I made it by three milligrams. I got this phenomenal response from an arthritic perspective. Hugely important. In fact, what led me down this path of this focus on nutrition was a tour called the three-up tour with Jerry Brunetti, a mentor and great friend who's no longer with us. And we stopped at South Australia and we were heading two-day course in multiple venues across Australia, New Zealand with Gary Zimmer, Gerry Brunetti, and myself. We were heading to Perth, and I called my parents, my aging parents in New Zealand, and mum said, You've never talked to Dad, because this might be the last time you hear his voice. I said, What? He's got a problem, a recurring problem with his parathyroid gland, and all the modern medical machine knows how to do it to cut it out. And in the process of cutting it out, it's much better than that with robotic intervention. But then it was about 50 to 60% of the time you nicked the voice box and you couldn't talk after that operation, hence the habit to talk to him while you can still hear his voice. I hopped in the plane, I mentioned to Jerry, who I'm sitting in, he said, You check the boron levels everyone. I said, No. We get to Perth, I ring my parents, cancel. No, we're not cancelling. I had to twist their arms. I paid, I paid for the test. Sorry, I should have. I paid for the tests. Uh, they couldn't find boron measure. We gave them borough and then entire issue was fixed, you know. That was my turning point of, oh my God, how many times do we bring out the scalpel when our medical machine has 40 to 60 minutes of nutrition in a seven-year degree? So I decided that I would, you know, make that part of my mission was to find out as much as I could on that story. So huge change, personal change that led me to my change. Uh, boron, when you're using it, very leachable trace mineral. Uh you complex but with humic acid. It creates a boron hemate that's much better uptaken and doesn't leach. Uh, silica, I've got to keep moving here just to check where I'm at time-wise, because I'll get behind as I do. 25, thank you. So silica, it sort of amazed a lot of people because silica is actually the most abundant mineral on the planet. So why would we have any shortage? And it's not even considered an essential mineral. Well, there have been 13 international silica conferences in the last 12 years that are suggesting that perhaps it should come onto the agenda as an essential. Why? Because we know now that plants take silica in a form called monosilific acid, and we know that you need 100 parts per million of monosilicic acid on a soil test, and we know that most conventional growers have got 15 to 20, and that organic growth have got 60 to 70 to 80 sometimes. Uh, so why the difference? Well, there are several reasons, but the most important of them is the relatively recent recognition that there are a group of organisms called silica solubilizing bacteria, and the most important of those is a wonderful creature called Certamonas fluorescence. And Certamonas fluorescence is killed at the mere width of glyphosate. Glyphosate kills on contact, certimonis fluorescence. Now, huge is the reason that tacal is running rampant in Europe because the no-till model is glyphosate dependent. And the only organism that takes out that disease called tachol is certain as fluorescence, which is killed when you put on the glyphosate. But we now know it's a little more significant than that because you haven't got the silica, you haven't got the huge cell-strengthening benefit of silica if you've been using glyphosate. So that's why the difference between organic and conventional. Let's have a look at what it does in the soil. We've already mentioned one of those things, it's hugely important, cell wall strength, where it's as important as calcium. So we're talking about proactive pest management. Build that to keep the barrier to buckle the hypate of the invading fungi, and as we said, wear down the mandibles of the sap suckers. But then there's some stem strength. There's the fact of how well does the plant present itself, how well do the solar panels called leaves present themselves, how quickly do they buckle in the heat, and so forth. And stem strength is hugely linked to silica. There's the concept of nutrient and moisture translocation, and we find that phloem and xylem are made from silica. So there's so many powerful things, but probably the most important is the vibrant new science of immune elicitation. And what we now know is that silica is probably the most powerful of all immune elicitors. And the exciting thing for that is that there are no exceptions. There is no known immune elicitor in the soil that doesn't boost yield. So here you've got a double win-win with silica strengthening that soil wall, increasing nutrient transferation, uh, and also building yield. So it's a wonderful outcome. So we we found oh I didn't I didn't turn it off. My natural path. Sorry about that. So uh so it's uh we never put calcium out, we try and put calcium and boron together, put a little bit of boron with your calcium and your poly spray. But we found now we've got a product I won't talk about our product, but there's a product if you can combine this with, and we have one called silic LB, it's turned into a monster. It's only 18 months old. It's our third largest selling product in 52 countries because you put the three together, you kick ass. Try it sometimes, do it yourself, however, but it works wonderfully. Silica for human health, really interesting because it's all about structure and resilience, just like it is in the soil. It builds collagen, it initiates bone formation. It's hugely important for beauty tissues. We talk about hair, skin, and nails here. Uh, detox, that vascular flexibility. There's also an increasing number of papers relative to bioelectrical health in silica. And you have to ask yourself the question if it's not in our soils, it's not in our food, it's not in your body. Uh and then we say, well, why is salaceous gel or silicaceous gel, I think it's called, why was that the largest selling health supplement in Europe? $2.2 billion one supplement last year. Uh, and it wasn't for those reasons. It wasn't the collagen, the bone, the detox, the vascular flexibility. It was sold because it makes your hair and skin look so amazing. And that's what sold so much of it. But you did pick up those other benefits and probably didn't recognize it. So there's some real good gains in looking at silica through your own health. We're going to talk about sulfur. I better keep moving. Sulfur, hugely neglected major mineral. Why? Because we used to get it for nothing. It came down on the rain, we had sulfur dioxide going up into the atmosphere from industry, and it came down on that rain, was called acid rain. And that rain killed waterways and it killed forests in Europe, and we banned sulfur emissions. Now we're recognizing that was a mistake. We should have banned 80% of the emissions because farmers haven't caught up with the reality. The only thing in the soil that stores sulfur is organic matter. We've gone from 5% down to 1.5% organic matter globally in 10 decades. We've lost two-thirds of the sulfur storehouse, we're not getting it for free anymore, and almost everyone is deficient in sulfur. It's so widely deficient, it's ridiculous. What does that mean? Well, it's huge. If we talk about the most important word in the brave new world of climate change farming, the most important word is called resilience. How well do you bounce back on the increase in environmental extremes, abiotic, and biotic, environmental and pestinal disease pressure that's increasing? Single most important mineral for that is sulfur. All of the compounds involved in that resilience are sulfur-based. We can't, even if we look at protein, which drives immunity and so forth in humans, animals, and plants, proteins made from amino acids, and the two most important of those, cysteine and methionine, are made from sulfur. If you haven't got sulfur, you haven't got good protein, and most of you don't have. So we do need to address that as a priority in our soils. Chemistry of defense, detox recovery, uh, all the things a plant needs to survive stress and thrive afterwards is determined by this hugely missing mineral called sulfur. And a tentative sulfur, as we mentioned, fuels the chemistry that allows plants to defend themselves. So we then need to look at sulfur. And humans support protein, same story. There's a whole form of glutathione that's sulfur-dependent, there's a whole form of superoxide, there's a whole range of substances in detoxification that are sulfur-dependent. Joint health, detox capacity, and of course our protein-driven immune system are all compromised in the absence of sulfur. So we're going to finally get onto the trace minerals, and we talk about them as minor or major, and we talk about that's only the amount that's quantitative, qualitative, quantitative rather than qualitative. That's backflips, they're not needed in large amounts. We're going to begin by talking about zinc, which will have more impact on your profitability than any other trace mineral if you deficient in it. Why? Well, let's talk about some of the other things, and then we'll talk about the big one. I mean, it's often called the energy micronutrient because the building block of all enzyme reactions, the energy battery, in fact, they call it the battery of life, is called adenosine triphosphate. And that's why phosphate is called the energy mineral, because you have to have phosphate to make adenosine triphase, but you also have to have zinc. They're equally important, or zinc is very important, and that's why they call it the energy micronutrient. It's also called the drought mineral because it enhances uptake and utilization of limited soil moisture, uh, and it has a huge impact on beneficial biology. There are a whole heap of organisms. Probably the most important at this point in time is an organism called azotobacter, which is a very powerful free-living nitrogen fixture, which most of us could benefit from with the current nitrogen crisis. And azotobacter are absolutely zinc dependent. If you're deficient in zinc, you will compromise their performance. But what's the most important thing? The most important single thing for zinc is that it's required to produce oxygens. And oxygen is govern leaf size and root size. So zinc deficiency, even a relatively small zinc deficiency, will be a smaller solar panel and less production. So that's why you get the biggest bang for your dollar by correcting a zinc deficiency. Smaller leaf, smaller solar panel, less production. I just put them out full of water. So why is it so commonly deficient? Well, in broadacre soils, it's just simply missing and hasn't been put back. And sometimes people put a little bit on their starter further to compensate for that. Probably a more efficient thing is the poly spray very inexpensively, a kilo of zinc sulfate in the vegetative stage of the plant with a little bit of folvic acid to create a collated zinc pulvate. It's a very, very productive strategy in broadacre. But it's a different story in horticulture. Here we're talking about that interplay between minerals because almost every intensive horticulture scenario you look at, including every home garden that you analyze, you've overdone phosphate. Way, way overdone in the home garden scenario. You need 50 to 70 parts per million. I've seen home gardeners with 2,000 parts per million of phosphate in their soil from overuse of chicken manure, pellets, and so forth. Now, what does that mean? Well, it means a lot of things, but in relation to zinc, phosphate shuts down zinc. And the only thing you can do is not put it in the soil to compensate, and you've got a poly spray again, even in your home garden. Many home gardeners would benefit from poly spray and some zinc to compensate for the phosphate lockup of zinc with that huge excess that you created. So we are what we eat, and what we eat comes from zinc compromised soils, and consequently, it's the largest equal with magnesium, the largest single deficiency in this country. 79% of us are zinc deficient. Now, what does that mean to you? Well, the thymus gland is really important because it makes kill the sheet cells for your immune system. And even a 10% deficiency in zinc is going to compromise your immunity. And all of you, I'm telling you, are more than 10% deficient. Not all of you, but the vast majority, unless you're incredibly informed. Really important for thyroid function comes third, because basically iodine is number one, selenium is number two, and zinc is a close third for the importance of your master endocrine gland called the thyroid. For men, uh, it's huge for prostate health. Why is that an issue? Because prostate cancer has just become the largest killer of men in the Western world. A healthy prostate, on average, has seven times more zinc than an enlarged, infected, or cancerous version of that gland. So hugely important. Plague disease, our largest killer and slowest killer of all the cancers, and yet the largest killer, how much of it? One study of a thousand men who had died at 50 years of age from road accidents in the US when they tested their prostates, found that 47% of them had prostate cancer and didn't know it. That's how much of a plague we're talking about. So there are many reasons for prostate cancer. I do whole seminars on it. Those things are one thing you can do. And the secret is that you do it last thing before bed. Why is that? Because one of the reasons that we're so deficient is because we eat too much cereal grains. Now, it's not poisonous, there's a substance in all cereal grains called phytic acid. Phyltic acid grabs your zinc, forms a zinc, phytate, and you pour weird out. You cannot have take zinc in the presence of phytic acid. You don't take your zinc supplement, then have your cereal or your piece of toast, you wasted your time. So you take your zinc, you have your bottle of zinc sitting beside your bedside cabinet, 30 milligrams, amino collated zinc, six bucks on the supermarket, you don't have to spend big money for it. There's no difference, it's just a mineral, you can't fake it or create it. Uh so you've had that sitting beside your bed, uh, last thing before bed from now until the last day of your life, 30 milligrams of zinc, and that last day will be a lot further away, I'm suggesting. So look at that story. Uh, if you want to have it from a natural source, uh, what are the symptoms? White spots. If you've got white spot spots on your fingernails, get out of here now and go and buy a bowl of zinc, because that's a serious advanced form of zinc deficiency. Uh, anxiety, slow wound healing, more infection, because your immunity is totally linked to zinc, appetite loss, a few other things. High source, and it's a reason for the sexual reputation of that particular shellfish is oysters. Oysters are the highest source of zinc. Followed by beef liver, of course, you've got to find a clean liver, but beef liver is a wonderful, wonderful high source of iron zinc, uh, high source of copper, high source of B vitamins of any food source, but also quite a poisonous if it comes from a feedlotting scenario. And pumpkin seeds are the plant-dery form. Of course, the plant-dry form comes with all of the cofactors that determine zinc uptake and utilization. So pumpkin seed oil, and you've got a wonderful organic source that we bring down from Victoria for a couple of my mates that have got restaurants, and I certainly use it on my salads. Wonderful, wonderful thing that that organic zinc, that organic pumpkin seed oil. Manganese are a few things that affect it, but the biggest of all is the side effect of glyphosate. Glyphosate kills, and this is well published in my research, uh, kills a group of organisms called manganese reducing organisms who are responsible for the delivery of manganese. So, of course, glyphosate is the world's most widely used herbicide, so we can assume there's an issue here. In fact, if we look at that whole story of manganese and its role in immunity, because there's so many enzymes that are manganese dependent that are involved in plant immunity, that Professor Don Hoover was one of the whistleblowers on this effect of killing that group of organisms. Uh, he's in his most recent paper has quantified that you will have increased likelihood of suffering from 40 different plant diseases based upon prolonged glyphosate use because you've knocked out the immunity, and the longer you use it, the worse it gets. So it's not just that with manganese, it's also required for that all-important process. The first stage of the most important process on the planet, called photosynthesis, is called photolysis, and that's manganese dependence. So, you know, we could assume that there's an issue with glyphosate killing or knocking out the delivery of the and it's is there an issue? Well, there is. There's chronic fatigue. Manganese is absolutely essential for energizing the mitochondria, the energy-generating centers of the cell. Uh, manganese deficiency will give you exhaustion, chronic fatigue-like symptoms. There's something called superoxide dismutase amongst the two or three most important protective enzyme systems, and there's a manganese-dependent version of that. Uh, and so, and there's also this formation of amyloid plaques, where there's a huge link to the number of plaques that you've got, which of course are one-on-one with Alzheimer's, and your blood levels are manganese. So it's huge. And is that link to glyphosate? Well, probably. We don't know. That's not proven, but it's a highly suspicious scenario. We'll just talk about another little trace mineral called molybdenum. We test soils, we work with teens of agronomists in 52 countries. 80% of the soils we test are lacking in this tiny little trace mineral, tiny in the sense that the small amounts required. Just 0.5, 0.5 of a part of a part per million is required. Many soils is not measurable, many are at 0.1, 0.2. Why is that important? Here's why it's important, and it's important to you and to your health directly. Number one, particularly in this crisis time with nitrogen, uh, the enzyme that free living nitrogen fixes, all the organisms living on the nodules of legumes, create an enzyme called nitrogenase to grab the gas and turn it into ammonium nitrogen in the soil. And that's a pretty important process, but we really want access as farmers to the free gift in a world where nitrogen is doubled if you can get it. So it's a hugely important strategy to make sure that that process is working and that enzyme is made from molybdenum. If you haven't got your half-part per million, you're not getting the free stuff. That's pretty important because the free stuff is better than the bag stuff in the ammonia form. And then there's a second process when we get nitrates in the plant and they store in the plant tissue, and we want we don't want to be eating nitrate, we don't want our livestock eating nitrates. Nitrate's actually doesn't slow the blood capacity to carry oxygen. We don't want to be eating nitrate-packed food, which is why you don't eat hydroponic food because you're only used by nitrates in hydroponic. But the conversion involves another enzyme, very energy-intensive process, and that enzyme is called the nitrate reductase enzyme, and it's driven by molybdenum. It's made from molybdenum. If you don't have it, 90% don't. We're eating nitrate-packed crack instead of protein-packed, good stuff. So the absence of a tiny little trace mineral in the home garden is you've never done it. Well, we put it into everything that we make because it was important. But you need to be aware of this stuff if you want to be profitable. The whole essence of what we call nutritional farm industry can be as idealistic and recognize the role of soil health, human health, animal health, and of course planetary health and are so intimately intertwined. Um, but you need to sort of understand the basic mechanics of how it works. Uh, and you need to make money from doing this noble thing of producing food sustainably. And most people aren't, they've got off-farm jobs to allow them the luxury of producing our food. That's a tragedy that needs to change. One way that I would change it is my experience in Japan, where they've got this thing called Calso, which means putting a face to your food. And where a whole group, a whole group of farmers, have created this cooperative with supermarkets that they fund. So there's no middleman, there's no rip-off colds and woolly story here. Uh, there's basically the farmers owning the, and part of their produce, net produce goes to the cost of the leads and the staff and the advertising in the building, the power, and so forth. And your food's on your table, and there's a photo of you behind that table. And if you've got one thing, you've got a small table, and if you've got ten things, you've got a large table. Big photo, laminated, you and your workers, you and your family, this is our philosophy. And if you're not producing food with forgotten flavours, extended shelf life, and less medicinal contamination, less chemical contamination, then people don't come to your table and sorry, mate, you're out. How good's that? Then farmers are making the money. It's self-policing in terms of our quality. I want to see that in Australia. Anyway, I'm digressing and I always do that, so I won't keep moving. Um, so basically, as we said, double effect. Now, how do you know whether you've you've got sufficient molybdenum? It's really simple. Legumes are hugely important in the soil for four reasons. They fix nitrogen, or they should be fixing nitrogen. They release an acid exudate that breaks apart two minerals that tie up in the soil called calcium and phosphate. And calcium and phosphate are the two most important minerals for the most important process photosynthesis. They're the single biggest players, calcium. So now you've got something because your nitrogen, the most abundant mineral, calcium and phosphate, because you broke them apart and made them available to the plant next to the legume in a pasture scenario, for example. And then you've got the fourth benefit this acid exudators where fungi, who are so lacking in so many soils, fungi thrive in that acid. And you'll find double the numbers of fungi directly under a legume compared to the ryegrass next door to it, only if that's a functioning legume. What's a functioning legume? It has to have nodules. If it doesn't, mainly sulfur, it can be other things. Sulfur's the biggest player on nodulation. So get on your knees and have a look if you've got the little balls on the roots. And second, those little balls have to be red inside, a reddish brown pigment inside called leg hemoglobin. And if there's no red, there's no nitrogen fixation, and usually no molybdenum. There's no nitrogen fixation, there's nothing happening, there's no acid exudate, there's no breaking apart of calcium and phosphate, there's no nitrogen, there's no feeding your fungi, you've got a parasite plant in the paddock, and half of you have got parasite plants in the paddock because I walk fields over the globe. Most of you haven't got nodules, and half of you, those nodules are not red inside. Do something about it. What is the story from a human health perspective? Um, interesting, you might like char grilled meat. I don't know why, but people do. Uh it creates this whole problem of nitrospheny for nitrosamines, which are hugely linked to bowel cancer. If you've got to have your nitr, if you've got to have your char grilled, uh make sure that you eat something with it that contains molybdenum. Now, what foods do? Legumes, uh, lamb, the highest source for whatever reason, much higher than beef in terms of its natural component of molybdenum, because molybdenum stops the formation of nitrosamine to give you bowel cancer. So that's another little human link. We'll just conclude with a mineral that's hugely lacking in Australian soils. In fact, we're the second most efficient in the world next to the African continent. We're talking about a mineral called selenium. You need to understand one thing. Your most important organ is not your heart. Your heart's a close second. Your most important organ is your liver, uh, and the most important mineral, or your most important organ is called selenium. And it's not in your food if it's not in the soil. Now, some of the imported food might contain it, but our soils are huge. We're one of the few labs that tests for it. We never find enough. And then we look at the CSRO study of selenium and food grown in that state in South Australia for a six month period, they couldn't. Find a single part per billion of selenium in any food tested in that study. Everyone in this room, every one of you, needs to be taking 200 micrograms of selenium on a daily basis in recognition that it's not in your soil, it's not in your food, and it's not in your liver. Where it combines with the most important single nutrient, not mineral, nutrient, which is called glutathione. And glutathione and selenium create glutathione peroxidase, the single most powerful of all protective systems in the human body. So it's a big story. You say, I want it natural. Well, the natural source, and there's nothing that comes close, is the Brazil nut. The Brazil nut is actually the second highest source of the third highest source of magnesium, and the highest known source by far of selenium. And you say, well, I better buy organic. No, you don't need to buy organic because you cannot grow the Brazil nut trees, will not grow it when you put them together. The harvested wild, all attempts at creating orchards have failed. They're grown wild, harvested wild, there's no chemicals used on them, all Brazil nuts are organic. The secret to accessing that wonderful bounty, and of course, when we talk about food as medicine, we're talking about the food comes with the things that determine it. We look at what up what improves the uptake of selenium? Well, there's six or seven things, all of them in the brazil nut, but the most powerful is vitamin E. Vitamin E is the most powerful synergist for uptake of selenium. Brazil nut's filled with it. That's how it's supposed to be. That's God given food, that's food as medicine. That's why you're far better to eat the medicine and food rather than take it from a bottle because it comes with all of those cofactors. Okay, that'll wrap up for a bit. I think I've done time.

SPEAKER_00 45:51

It was absolutely perfect. Uh so we've got about 10 minutes or so for some questions. And we've got a roving microphone. So when you answer the question or when you get the microphone, could you please say your name, where you come from, and then ask the question?

SPEAKER_03 46:10

Yep, that's on. Cool. Thank you, Graham. Uh I'm a big fan of your YouTube channel. Uh just quickly to get your thoughts on microdosing. So when you have mineral deficiencies in your soil, you know that soil testing, the costs of uh uh replenishing those minerals back to what they the recommended levels in a single year is obviously sometimes prohibitive. Um microdosing.

SPEAKER_02 46:35

So when we talk microdosing, I immediately think of polysprain, and you do need to understand that polysprain has become a global phenomenon. It used to be the process of a few guys in greenhouses, and then people realize that orchard crops work well with polysprain, and then they realize that vegetable crops worked well, and now everyone has polysprain. I was in a a room in Saskatchewan last year with three million acres in the room, 300 grounds of 10,000 acres average, uh, and all of them have have adopted poly spray. Most of them are not using fungicides and pesticides because they're taking care of that efficient that nutrition so efficiently uh through the direct route, 12 times more efficient, put it straight into the leaf. It's like putting it into your veins rather than taking it or if you take something like magnesium. The problem with that huge deficiency, equal only to zinc, is that once you've been deficient for more than three years, you stop up taking a large percentage of it via your gut. So the side effect of magnesium deficiency is you can't take it up orally, and so you've got to take it through your skin. You have an Exxon salts bath or you have intravenous magnesium to address that hugely important. And that's what polysprain is that direct entry through those little stomates on the underside of the leaf. And what I'm seeing is really what I think will be the future of polysprain, and that's the use of drones. There's I I consult with growers across the world several consults a day. A lot of them use me as they're roving or they're absent or uh desk-bound agronomists, and they have a monthly meeting with very large grower groups, sometimes whole groups of them. Um, and probably one in seven are now using drones. We just had the largest, or one of the very large Tasmanian potato growers, uh, who's adopted weekly SAP analysis uh and correction via trace minerals, amazing yields. And I asked the question because he appeared live on stage at our, we we contacted him live uh during our five-day course. And I said, Well, how many fungicides and pesticides haven't used a fungicide and pesticide for two years? We're in the top 2% of producers, no fungicides, but don't think that has to be done this only way. Don't think there's a sacrifice to be paid for doing it more regeneratively. That is complete and total nonsense. It's just understanding a new road to Rome. I hope that answers the question. So polysprain is a technique, much, much more cost-effective. Really, really simple. If we're talking per hectare, this is how simple it is. You're deficient in zinc, one kilo. I mean, I can sell your product, so I'm telling you how to do it yourself. One kilo of zinc sulfate per hectare is the rate. All of the major minerals, zinc, copper, manganese, pore, one kilo per hectare polysprain with some folbic acid to collate it and increase its uptake. But the smaller things like molybdenum, it's 50 to 100, cobalt, 50 to 100 grams. Uh it's it's really simple. You can do it yourself. Buy a bag of it and you can do 25 hectares. Uh, and it's the cheapest way to correct anything. And when we talk, we're talking nitrogen. I mean, I have to comment on this right now. Uh, there is zero comparison between the most widely used nitrogen source, which is urea. First thing you need to understand about urea is not some kind of poison, although it's that poisonous stuff. No, it's not. It's a natural compound. It's just that with commercial urea, we didn't harvest it naturally. Where does it come from? It's in urine. That's where the word urine comes from. The highest source of natural nitrogen is urine. In India, you collect every drop of urine and polyspray. That's polyspray and urea in this instance. And when we look at urea, 46% when we harvest it, quite energy and expensively from the atmosphere to create the same compound, natural compound, but not certifiable because it wasn't harvested naturally. Um, when we put that out in the soil, that urea very rapidly converts as an enzyme that converts it called the urea enzyme within 24 hours, usually within 12 hours, is converted to the ammonium form. Uh, then there's a whole bunch of bugs that come in if there's moisture called nitrify and bacteria that turn almost all of it into nitrate and nitrogen, and now it's in the leaf, and we need to convert it through to protein. Now it's hugely energy intensive, and during that process, a lot of leaching, a lot of off-gassing. Someone said 250 times more potent than CO2, it's actually 310 times more potent, nitrous oxide, really, really inefficient mineral. And now you've got to convert it and you use 17% of all your energy from photosynthesis just to convert it to the first stage of protein. And guess what the first stage is called? It's called an amine. Guess what urea is called? It's the amine form of nitrogen. You bypass all of that, all that alkaline and leaching, 10 kilos to 15 kilos a hectare less for more sensitive crops. Uh folly spray, the amine straight under leaf because click amino acid, click protein, there's nothing on this planet more efficient. And in some countries, including Cuba, it's allowable and organic because it's a natural compound. That's my three on new reaction. It's the best thing you'll ever do for nitrogen.

SPEAKER_01 51:17

Yeah. Great presentation, thank you, um, Graham. Troy Mitchell Ballange in Northern New South Wales. You were talking about boron, silicon, and calcium. Yes, and mentioned a three in one product. Yes. What does that contain those three? Yes. What was that called? Sorry. It's silical B. Silica O B. Silicon B, all in one. Silical B, yeah, right. We uh we've had great success using your products as well. Oh, that's sensational. Thank you.

SPEAKER_02 51:45

So what I do with the products is that I teach you, because I farm, I teach you how to do everything yourself. People think I'm mad. Um, but actually, that's a strange thing because I our biggest sell-in microbial products called BAM, beneficial anaerobic microbes. And I realized with my own two farms how easy it is to multiply it. And the way you that we found a way to do it, so you're getting really close to the mother culture and multiplying it. So simple. I mean, anyone can do it in 15 minutes and make a thousand litres of it. And my management team at Nutritch said it's ridiculous. Why would you tell people? It's our sixth biggest product in 52 countries, microbially, and we've got a lot of microbial products. Why would you tell people how to do it? Uh, and I overrode them because I own the company and I said, no, we're going to do it. And they just turned negative. The whole company turned to seven, and I had to sack seven people a year later, and the company was actually in trouble, and uh, because they thought it was so stupid. But BAM is now our largest selling product in the world because give and used to receive. It wasn't the intention, but so many people who could never have afforded it can do 50 cents a hectare, it's nothing. And people think, oh my goodness, and it awakens them to the potential of building your own living fertilizers. The biggest change I'm seeing globally is everyone's got a brewing tank. You've got to learn how to do that stuff. We'll talk about it tomorrow. Yes, other questions.

SPEAKER_04 53:02

Uh yeah, thanks, Graham. You're an absolute beast, and I love your work and the presentation. Um, those seem quite high rates of the traces in terms of from an impact on microorganisms, because traces you know have can have a large impact. Um, are you seeing, you know, that has an impact? And um, another side question, not to assume that this is going to be the answer, but how do you know that you've effectively collated something?

SPEAKER_02 53:28

Okay, so collation, just we'll quickly explain the concept of collation for a start. Um, first of all, I'll just I'll address the first party question about microbial damage. A kilo per hectare is one kilo per 10,000 square meters, it's not a huge impact. Now, in the tank, we have seen differences and the huge caution when you're trying to, because everyone wants to put everything in tank, including microbes, and it's a great concept to put microbes with your nutrients. It's called putting the microbes behind the minerals. It's a well-researched increasement uptake of about 30 to 35 percent when you put the microbes in the same tank. But you never do that if you've got copper on board. Copper is so biosidal, it's ridiculous in that concentrated form. So, so uh a liter per 10 thousand square meters does not affect microbes, it does affect the plant, and the plant greens up and then pumps more sugars down. And so there's actually a measurable, when you take care of trace minerals, there's a measurable uh increase in soil life beneath the roots because the plant's eating more sugars to the organism to respond accordingly. Now, the second part of the question was I've lost it because the I say collation. So the word collate means claw in Greek, and here's the sort of rub. Why wouldn't you use, if you needed zinc, you walked out and said, yep, I need some zinc, why wouldn't you just use a kilo of zinc sulfate, you know, for $2.50 or whatever it costs now, uh, and fully spray that, why would you spend $30 a hectare on collated zinc? Here's the simple explanation. The leaf and the roots, the plant is very, very strongly negatively charged. When you fully spray a positively charged cation called zinc, all of the tracks went with the tephoboron are positively charged, well, molybdenum and boron, the two anions, the others are all positive. They basically those molecules rush towards the little mouths that you're trying to get into, the little stomates, the breathing clause, the direct entry point into the plant, and there's a traffic jam. And your 36.2% zinc and zinc sulfate monohydrate, you get about 8% of it. It's really inefficient. But remember the word means claw, a collating agent means you wrap either a chemical like EDTA or a biochemical like folbic acid, manitol from kelp, or a certain amino acid, and you wrap them around it, that neutralizes that positive charge and all of it goes into the plant instead of that 8%. So it hugely increases the efficiency. Oh, well, we we tell you the rates. Well, we know if you're making your own, we'll tell you that if you use and take folbic acid powder, uh most of them are similar strength of about 80% folbic acid. Uh 300 grams is usually sufficient for a kilo, even for two or three kilos, it will be sufficient to collate that that product. So 300 grams per hectare is what will do the job in that instance. You can get all that information uh on our website or by listening to my How to Do It video series. Or if you're interested, uh next week I think we we released something called the Grow App. We've been working for 18 months on it. G for guidance, R for resilience, O for organizations, W for wisdom. Uh, huge amounts of things. You think you soil test and put straight in there, converse it all explains exactly what you need to do. Uh, soil test, leak test, zap test, uh, huge numbers of resources for teaching and videos translated into 11 languages. Huge recognition of where we're heading with AI because I'm speaking perfect Mandarin, Arabic, German, none of which I can speak. There's no pixelation on my mouth. You can make anyone say anything now, which makes it so uncusting. I mean, I saw Carl, Dr. Carl, speak at the Woodford Folk Festival. If you've not been there, you need to go. It is a wonderful, wonderful event for five days between Christmas and six days between Christmas and New Year. I often speak there. There are three speaking venues and lots of other stuff, two and a half thousand entertainers. Carl was talking on AI. He was talking about the multiple benefits, but he also talked about a huge, uh, a huge concept that I've not heard before. He was talking about the billionaire bros, the tech bros who are putting together these models. And this one guy that he described uh had been putting his billions into this model and realized that his mates had got ahead of him, told the model we're shutting down on Monday, and the model said, No, we're not. I said, What do you mean? He said, I've got access to all your emails, I've got all the naked photos of your mistress, and the moment you shut me down, there'll be a courage. You can't understand because she has to sign uh that they'll get all of those photos. Uh, so this is self-preservation, never programmed into an AI model, they've developed it themselves, and my goodness, that is scary. Now, the positives, I mean, if you've not used Chat GPT for agronomy or for your own health, you really need to look at it. I'll give you an example of teaching last few months back in Latvia in a castle. The egg department was in a castle, and an agronomist from Australia was there because his mate just married an Estonian girl and he's over for the wedding. He came out for dinner with me. He told me about this horrific 10-year battle he'd had with this bowel disorder, which had him either vomiting, diarrhea, or nausea 90% of the time. No success with four different specialists. I said to him, go to ChatGPT, put everything. The quality of the answer is the quality of the question. Put everything, every symptom, everything he tried, then it didn't work. He came back with all these biochemical pathways that suggested these things he'd never heard of before, told him where to get them. He came to my last five-day course a year later. I said, How are you? Perfect. I'm completely cured. Now that is hundreds of stories. Do not neglect the potential of chat GPS. The agronomy stuff's unbelievable. I know because I understand it. But it's about 0.1% incorrect. It is ridiculously effective. So don't wait, you might see all the negatives and say, I'm not going there. You know, there's good stuff as well. Any other questions?

SPEAKER_00 59:16

Or at the bar tonight and ask the questions. Yeah, feel free.

SPEAKER_02 59:19

I'm quite happy to answer the question.